Telemedicine for Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Telemedicine for token II Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease that requires lifelong medical exam care and cook as surface as constant longanimous self-man get onment, education and championship to prevent severe complications and to reduce the incidence of long-term complication70. Type II diabetes mellitus is increasingly common, mainly because of increase in the preponderance of a sedentary lifestyle and obesity1.This study evaluates and compares whether an interpolation using SMS and teleph whiz c each would improve plasma blood glucoses trains (HbA1c, FBS, PPBS) for leash months in patients with grammatical case II diabetes mellitus. Similar study was conducted by Piette et al. (2001) in which patients in a retrieve disease man datement sort had a reduction of HbA1c during the one stratum study period79. Hanauer et al. (2009) used email and SMS reminders to support diabetes dressment and famous a decrease in SMS use afterwards two to tercet months74. Mahwi et al. (2013) reported that in their study pharmaceutical care provided by chemist to fictitious character II diabetes mellitus patients yielded a statisti bidy strong reduction in the glycemic level83. Soriano Marcolino et al. (2013) concluded in their findings that in clinical practice, coercive motivation and edge through telemedicine should be intensified over time to increase the tinge on glycemia75.This study was conducted at the hospital. A total of 135 guinea pig II diabetic patients who visited the out(a)patient diabetic department of the hospital were included in the study. Out of which 40 patients were assigned into the SMS throng, 45 patients into the scream stem and 50 patients into the pull wires sort out. After continuance of 3 months, 27 patients from SMS group, 30 patients from call option in group and 24 patients from control group came for study.The demographic details among the subjects reveals that 29 (34.6%) were males and 52 (65.4%) were females. The parcel of males in SMS, scream and control group was 37.1, 36.7 and 33.3 on an individual basis and the percentage of females in each of the groups was 62.9, 63.3 and 66.7 gameboard 1 prefigure 1. The think age of male among the study population was 50.289.05 and that of female was 49.9810.67 card 2 Figure 2. In SMS group the mean age was make up to be 48.8513.95, the mean age in skirt group was gear up to be 50.168.21 and in control group it was 51.2911.46 Table 3 Figure 3. From a study conducted in Pune, India, it was run aground that the prevalence of type II diabetes was 4.6% with equal prevalence in both the sex. great prevalence in male was install in the age group of 60 years while in females it was 51-60 years (Patil et al., 2013)30. Valliyot et al. (2013) reported that those in a higher place 50 years of age have five times much chance to get diabetes when compared with those in the 20-30 age groups. Gender did not verbalise any statistical significant relationship with diabetes31. A study through by Deepthi et al. (2013) showed an increase in the prevalence of diabetes with increase in age irrespective of the gender73.From the literacy distribution 53.0% of the patients are in the primary level, 23.5% of the patients are in the secondary level, 21.0% have degree and 2.5% are post graduate Table 4 Figure 4. Some studies reported that on that point is a relationship amidst literacy and health outcomes. For example DeWalt et al. (2004) confirmed that low literacy is cerebrate with a series of adverse health outcomes61. Agardh et al. (2011) reported that educational level was most consistently associated with increased possibility of type II diabetes62. From all the tierce groups 50.6% of the patients were housewives, 16.0% of the patients were doing business, 13.6% were professionals, 10.0% were labour, 4.9% were retired and 4.9% were ancestryless Table 5 Figure 5. In women, high job stress and low work favorable support had a higher endangerment of type II diabetes compared to those not overt to work stress, according to (Heraclides et al., 2009)44. It was also be that work stress and crusade work contributed to the development of type II diabetes in women. In men, the risk was decreased by high work demands, high strain, and an active job (Eriksson et al., 2013)45.Patients data were collected for their smoking habits and 13.6% were found to be smokers. Alcohol history of the study population was collected, out of this 1.2% were found to be alcoholics and 6.2% were found to have both the habits Table 6 Figure 6. Majgi et al. (2012) in their study reported that in that location is no relationship between smoking and alcohol consumption with diabetes38. Kokiwar et al. (2007) concluded that abnormal glucose tolerance was more prevalent among males, physically inactive persons and alcohol consumers39. Distribution of patients with legal action and those without activity w ere 30.9% and 69.1% respectively Table 7 Figure 7. Jeon et al. (2007) in their findings verbalise that those who are regularly engaged in physical activity of contain intensity had 30% lower risk of type II diabetes as compared with inactive individuals. They also stated that physical activities such(prenominal) as merry walking can considerably reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes55. Bacchi et al. (2013) did a systemic review and concluded that regular work out improves insulin sensitivity and blood shekels control in individuals with type 2 diabetes and is considered a chief factor in the management of this situation54.Concerned with the duration of diabetes, 7 (8.6%) had an experience of 1 year, 50 (61.7%) had 1-5 years, 20 (24.7%) had 6-10 years, 2 (2.5%) had 11-16 years and 2 (2.5%) had more than 16 years of experience Table 8 Figure 8. On considering the complications 17.2% had heart related problems, 20.9% had thyroid disorders, 18.5% had other problems and 44.0% had no com plications Table 9 Figure 9. Duration of diabetes is often cognise to be associated with complications of diabetes. Song (2008) reported that type II diabetes may be an aggressive disease phenotype to develop cardiovascular complications37. Several studies had found that in cardiovascular disease, bail bond to medications is low. Over 50% of patients do not conduce medications as prescribed. Similar study was reported by Granger et al. (2011)34. on that point was no significant dissentence in age, gender, duration of diabetes, activity, literacy, occupation and social habits between the three groups. The mean disaccordence between the emolument line and review values of HbA1c, FBS and PPBS in each group of the study population i.e. SMS, retrieve and control were measured and the significant difference produced were compared by paired assimilator t test.HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose levels of the previous six weeks. Glycosylated haemoglobin has substantial into a standard measurement of glycaemia and a standard component of diabetes supervision20. The baseline value of HbA1c in these three study group were found to be respectively 8.251.84, 7.841.68 and 7.871.85. The review values of HbA1c in these three groups were found to be 7.701.50, 7.161.01 and 7.351.48 Table 10 Figure 10. There was a significant percentage change in HbA1c for the SMS (p = 0.023) and mobilize group (p = 0.001). But no significant percentage change in HbA1c for the control group (p = 0.130) was found Table 15.In this study, HbA1C levels decreased 6.7% in SMS group, 8.7 % in telephone group and 6.6% in the control group after twelve weeks compared with baseline Table 15. HbA1C did differ significantly with telephone and control group (p = 0.037) Table 19. Previous studies showed the following results Zolfaghari et al. (2012) reported that after the three month follow up examination, HbA1c level in diabetic patients in SMS and deem led telephone groups decrease to 1.0 1% points and 0.93% points respectively20. Seung Kim et al. (2006) in their study revealed that SMS and telephone preventative by a nurse change HbA1c in type II diabetes patients after twelve weeks, with a decrease of 1.1% and 1.2% respectively6. Goodzari et al. (2012) concluded that HbA1c levels decreased in sampleal group greater than control group after three months compared with two baseline (p = 0/24)19. Seung Kim et al. (2007) revealed that internet found interjection by a nurse in patients with type 2 diabetes resulted in a decline of 1.15% points of HbA1c at three months and 1.05% points at six months33.The baseline value of fasting blood scrape in three groups of patients was found to be 154.2959.00, 129.7352.20 and 131.8049.02. The review values in each group of patients were found to be131.5944.26, 111.6025.69 and 121.2039.24 Table 11 Figure 11. Fasting blood sugar did differ significantly with telephone and control group (p = 0.011) as well as SMS and telephone gr oup (p = 0.040) Table 19. There was a significant percentage change in FBS for the SMS (p = 0.016) and telephone group (p = 0.017). However, there was no significant percentage change found in the control group (p = 0.078). In the telephone, SMS and control group a decrease of 14.7%, 14.0% and 8.0% points were state respectively, at three months compared with baseline Table 16. Ferror Roca et al. (2004) in their experiment recommended that SMS may provide a easy, quick and efficient accessory to manage diabetes76. The present study adds that an educational interventional program using telephone call and SMS improves levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood sugar for three months in patients with type II diabetes.The baseline values of PPBS in the three groups of patients were found to be 222.0393.20, 226.5699.90 and 219.0985.84. The review values in each study group were found to be 206.1077.00, 187.8634.30 and 199.1863.50 Table 12 Figure 12. Patients in the telephone gr oup had a decrease of post prandial blood sugar of 17.5% mg/dl at three months compared with baseline in this study. In the SMS group it decreased 6.9% mg/dl and 9.0% mg/dl in the control group Table 17. Although PPBS level of the telephone group decreased after intervention, it was still above the target PPBS level. Ilknur Cinar et al. (2010) revealed that a nurse led telephone intervention may improve glycaemic parameters including HbA1c, FBS, PPBS, diet, exercise, medication adhesiveness in patients with type II diabetes mellitus after twelve weeks64. In this study, PPBS did differ significantly with telephone and control group (p = 0.047) but did not differ significantly with SMS and telephone group (p = 0.245) as well as SMS and control group (p = 0.480) Table 19. There was no significant mean change in PPBS for the SMS group (p = 0.337) and control group (p = 0.704) but a significant percentage change in telephone group was found (p = 0.030) Table 17.This study evaluated pati ents medication adherence behaviour and expiation with and demand for SMS and telephone call service after the intervention. The effect of intervention on medication adherence in the three groups found that there was significant difference between the baseline and review values of the SMS (p = 0.005) and telephone groups (p = 0.002). However, the control group was not found to be significant (p = 0.119). It was discover that there was a mean percentage change of medication adherence in SMS, telephone and control groups and found 5.8, 11.2, 2.5% increase after three months from baseline Table 18. It was suggested that beside telephone follow-up, increased disease awareness, positive lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise and drug) could be the reason for improvements in glycaemic parameters35.In several(prenominal) studies like Ling Huang et al. (2013) 88.1% of diabetic patients according to the pre-test reported as everyday missing of medication in the control group, compared wi th 88.5% of patients in the intervention group. The percentage of patients who earlier missed a dose was 43.7% in the control group and 46.1% in the intervention group, respectively29. Samir Patel et al. (2013) reported that a mobile phone based automated medication reminder system shows promise in better medication adherence and blood pressure in high cardiovascular risk individuals46. Fenerty et al. (2012) in their study reported that reminder based interventions improved adherence to daily medications. Meta analysis showed a statistically significant acclivity in adherence in the intervention groups receiving a reminder compared to controls78.In a study about 85% of patients reported that they were pleased with the ATDM intervention and 76% of patients reported that they would prefer to receive such calls in the future (Piette et al., 2000)84. According to the questionnaire determining the patient satisfaction in this study, it was found that all patients in the SMS group were satisfied with short service message and 93.3% of the patients in the telephone group were satisfied with telephone call Table 14. Ramachandran et al. (2013) stated that their study showed mobile phone pass is acceptable to the recipients, potentially scalable, could be delivered at low cost and is a part of an alternative strategy7. Samith Shetty et al. (2011) concluded that frequent communication for one year through SMS was satisfactory to patients with diabetes and it helped to improve the health outcome43.At the end of the study, a statistically significant reduction was observed in the HbA1c and FBS levels of patients in the telephone and SMS group while a small reduction, which is statistically not significant, was observe in the control group. This result confirms that the use of telemedicine approaches has a positive mend on patients glycemic control.